98 research outputs found

    Towards Logical Clocks in P2P-based MMVEs

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    A crucial requirement for peer-to-peer-based Massively Multiuser Virtual Environments (P2P-based MMVEs) is the accurate and reliable synchronization of actions among the users (processes). To do so, clock synchronization protocols can be used. In this paper we first analyze the usage of standard vector clocks for this purpose and show their deficits (e.g. growing large). Then we present a novel variation of vector clocks – pruned vector clocks – which overcome the deficits of standard vector clocks and are therefore suited for their usage in MMVEs. The basic idea of pruned vector clocks is to prune all entries in a vector clock, which are not relevant at some point in time. We show, that with this approach vector clocks will stay constant in size and still provide the necessarily synchronization among the processes

    NAT Traversal und verlÀssliche Datenverteilung in geschichteten Peer-to-Peer Systemen

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    Peer-to-Peer basierte Systeme haben in den letzten Jahren insbesondere im Bereich des Dateiaustasuches zunehmend an Verbreitung gewonnen. Peer-to-Peer Systeme sind dezentrale Netzwerke, in denen jeder Teilnehmer bzw. jeder Peer gleichberechtigt ist. Jeder Peer kann Dienste in Anspruch nehmen und stellt gelichzeitig anderen Teilnehmern Dienste zur VerfĂŒgung. Im Rahmen des Peers@play Projektes wird untersucht, ob auch komplexere Anwendungen, wie beispielsweise virtuelle Welten, auf Basis von Peer-to-Peer Systemen entwickelt werden können. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene AnsĂ€tze vorgestellt, die fĂŒr die Entwicklung einer Peer-to-Peer-basierten virtuellen Welt verwendet werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit betrachtet hierbei drei Aspekte aus unterschiedlichen Forschungsgebieten. Der erste Aspekt, der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit betrachtet wird, betrifft die Kommunikation zwischen Peers. Diese Kommunikation wird durch die Verbreitung von Network Address Translation (NAT) Routern erschwert. NAT Router reduzieren die KonnektivitĂ€t der Rechner, die sich hinter den NAT Routern befinden. Die Herausforderung besteht darin, den Nachrichtenaustausch zwischen Peers, die sich hinter NAT Routern befinden, zu gewĂ€hrleisten. Verfahren, die dies ermöglichen, werden als NAT Traversal Verfahren bezeichnet. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neues NAT Traversal Verfahren fĂŒr das Transportprotokoll TCP vorgestellt. Da die Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit eines NAT Traversal Verfahrens stark von den verwendeten NAT Routern abhĂ€ngig ist, wird in dieser Arbeit zusĂ€tzlich ein Protokoll vorgestellt, das es ermöglicht das NAT Traversal Verfahren auszuwĂ€hlen, das in einer bestimmten Situation die höchste Erfolgswahrscheinlichkeit bietet. Eine weitere Herausforderung betrifft die Umsetzung und konkrete Entwicklung einer Peer-to-Peer-basierten Anwendung. Hier existiert oft eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher AnsĂ€tze fĂŒr unterschiedliche Problemstellungen. Dabei ist es nicht immer im Vorfeld ersichtlich, welche Kombination von diesen AnsĂ€tzen die Beste in Bezug auf Performanz oder StabilitĂ€t ist. Um dies zu evaluieren, werden hĂ€ufig AnsĂ€tze zuerst fĂŒr existierende Simulationsumgebungen implementiert und anschließend fĂŒr die eigentliche Anwendung. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wird eine geschichtete Softwarearchitektur vorgestellt, die eine Peer-to-Peer-basierte Anwendung in Schichten und Komponenten unterteilt. Hierdurch können verschiedene AnsĂ€tze einfach ausgetauscht werden. ZusĂ€tzlich ermöglicht es die Architektur denselben Quelltext fĂŒr die eigentliche Anwendung als auch fĂŒr Simulationen zu verwenden. Der dritte Aspekt dieser Arbeit betrifft die Datenspeicherung. In einem Server-basierten System wird der Zustand einer virtuellen Welt auf einem zentralen Server gespeichert. In einem Peer-to-Peer System hingegen muss der Zustand der virtuellen Welt auf den Peers des Peer-to-Peer Netzwerks gespeichert werden. Hierbei mĂŒssen eine Reihe von Anforderungen bezĂŒglich der VerlĂ€sslichkeit und Sicherheit der gespeicherten Daten erfĂŒllt werden. ZusĂ€tzlich mĂŒssen Daten effizient abgefragt werden können. Daher werden im letzten Teil dieser Arbeit ein Peer-to-Peer Netzwerk sowie ein Replikationsverfahren vorgestellt, die die Grundlage fĂŒr einen sicheren und verlĂ€sslichen Peer-to-Peer-basierten Datenspeicher bilden

    Modulated Martensite: Why it forms and why it deforms easily

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    Diffusionless phase transitions are at the core of the multifunctionality of (magnetic) shape memory alloys, ferroelectrics and multiferroics. Giant strain effects under external fields are obtained in low symmetric modulated martensitic phases. We outline the origin of modulated phases, their connection with tetragonal martensite and consequences for their functional properties by analysing the martensitic microstructure of epitaxial Ni-Mn-Ga films from the atomic to macroscale. Geometrical constraints at an austenite-martensite phase boundary act down to the atomic scale. Hence a martensitic microstructure of nanotwinned tetragonal martensite can form. Coarsening of twin variants can reduce twin boundary energy, a process we could follow from the atomic to the millimetre scale. Coarsening is a fractal process, proceeding in discrete steps by doubling twin periodicity. The collective defect energy results in a substantial hysteresis, which allows retaining modulated martensite as a metastable phase at room temperature. In this metastable state elastic energy is released by the formation of a 'twins within twins' microstructure which can be observed from the nanometre to millimetre scale. This hierarchical twinning results in mesoscopic twin boundaries which are diffuse, in contrast to the common atomically sharp twin boundaries of tetragonal martensite. We suggest that observed extraordinarily high mobility of such mesoscopic twin boundaries originates from their diffuse nature which renders pinning by atomistic point defects ineffective.Comment: 34 pages, 8 figure

    Special orthopaedic geriatrics (SOG) - a new multiprofessional care model for elderly patients in elective orthopaedic surgery: a study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled trial of a multimodal intervention in frail patients with hip and knee replacement

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    Background Due to demographic change, the number of older people in Germany and worldwide will continue to rise in the coming decades. As a result, the number of elderly and frail patients undergoing total hip and knee arthroplasty is projected to increase significantly in the coming years. In order to reduce risk of complications and improve postoperative outcome, it can be beneficial to optimally prepare geriatric patients before orthopaedic surgery and to provide perioperative care by a multiprofessional orthogeriatric team. The aim of this comprehensive interventional study is to assess wether multimorbid patients can benefit from the new care model of special orthopaedic geriatrics (SOG) in elective total hip and knee arthroplasty. Methods The SOG study is a registered, monocentric, prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) funded by the German Federal Joint Committee (GBA). This parallel group RCT with a total of 310 patients is intended to investigate the specially developed multimodal care model for orthogeriatric patients with total hip and knee arthroplasty (intervention group), which already begins preoperatively, in comparison to the usual orthopaedic care without orthogeriatric co-management (control group). Patients ≄70 years of age with multimorbidity or generally patients ≄80 years of age due to increased vulnerability with indication for elective primary total hip and knee arthroplasty can be included in the study. Exclusion criteria are age < 70 years, previous bony surgery or tumor in the area of the joint to be treated, infection and increased need for care (care level ≄ 4). The primary outcome is mobility measured by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Secondary outcomes are morbidity, mortality, postoperative complications, delirium, cognition, mood, frailty, (instrumental) activities of daily living, malnutrition, pain, polypharmacy, and patient reported outcome measures. Tertiary outcomes are length of hospital stay, readmission rate, reoperation rate, transfusion rate, and time to rehabilitation. The study data will be collected preoperative, postoperative day 1 to 7, 4 to 6 weeks and 3 months after surgery. Discussion Studies have shown that orthogeriatric co-management models in the treatment of hip fractures lead to significantly reduced morbidity and mortality rates. However, there are hardly any data available on the elective orthopaedic care of geriatric patients, especially in total hip and knee arthroplasty. In contrast to the care of trauma patients, optimal preoperative intervention is usually possible

    Simulation and sensitivities for a phased IceCube-Gen2 deployment

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    Mechanical design of the optical modules intended for IceCube-Gen2

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    IceCube-Gen2 is an expansion of the IceCube neutrino observatory at the South Pole that aims to increase the sensitivity to high-energy neutrinos by an order of magnitude. To this end, about 10,000 new optical modules will be installed, instrumenting a fiducial volume of about 8 km3. Two newly developed optical module types increase IceCube’s current sensitivity per module by a factor of three by integrating 16 and 18 newly developed four-inch PMTs in specially designed 12.5-inch diameter pressure vessels. Both designs use conical silicone gel pads to optically couple the PMTs to the pressure vessel to increase photon collection efficiency. The outside portion of gel pads are pre-cast onto each PMT prior to integration, while the interiors are filled and cast after the PMT assemblies are installed in the pressure vessel via a pushing mechanism. This paper presents both the mechanical design, as well as the performance of prototype modules at high pressure (70 MPa) and low temperature (−40∘C), characteristic of the environment inside the South Pole ice

    A next-generation optical sensor for IceCube-Gen2

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